Pharmaceuticals play an essential role in modern dentistry, ensuring patient comfort, safety, and effective treatment outcomes. Pharmaceuticals are critical for managing pain, preventing and treating infections, reducing anxiety, and responding to medical emergencies that may arise during dental procedures. One of the most commonly used classes of drugs in dental practice is local anaesthetics, such as lidocaine and articaine. These agents temporarily block nerve conduction, effectively numbing specific areas of the mouth to allow for pain-free procedures ranging from simple fillings to complex oral surgeries.

Analgesics are also frequently used in dentistry to manage postoperative discomfort. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like ibuprofen and naproxen, are typically the first choice due to their effectiveness in reducing both pain and inflammation. In cases of more severe pain, especially after surgical procedures like tooth extractions or root canals, opioid analgesics such as codeine or hydrocodone may be prescribed for short-term relief. Additionally, antibiotics are often used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. These are particularly important in managing dental abscesses, periodontal (gum) disease, or when there’s a risk of infection following oral surgery. Commonly prescribed antibiotics in dentistry include amoxicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole.

Beyond pain and infection control, a variety of other pharmaceuticals help improve the dental experience for patients. Sedatives, such as benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam or midazolam), are used to help anxious patients relax, while nitrous oxide (laughing gas) provides mild sedation and pain relief during procedures. Respiratory agents may be used for patients with conditions like asthma, ensuring their airways remain open and stable during treatment. Furthermore, dentists are trained to handle emergency situations and may administer emergency medications such as epinephrine for anaphylaxis, nitroglycerin for chest pain, or glucose for diabetic patients experiencing hypoglycaemia. Together, these pharmaceutical tools are vital in delivering safe, efficient, and patient-centred dental care.